7.Linux File System ( Based On Debian )
Linux File system Overview
Windows has a directory tree for each drive. Each tree begins with a drive letter. Linux has only one tree called the filesystem. It starts with the symbol for the root directory: '/'. (There is a special user also called root. User root's home directory is '
In Linux, the user never needs to know which physical drive contains particular data. This is unlike Windows where you need to know which drive (C:, D:, etc) to use. Instead, in Linux you mount a drive to a particular mountpoint in the directory tree. For instance, the first CD drive in Windows might be D: or E: or some other drive letter and might change if other drives are added to or removed from the system. In Linux, the mountpoint for the first CD drive is If you install an application in Windows, the executable and related files are normally installed to
Linux does not have a registry. Configuration data is normally in the form of text files installed in Disc devices and partitionsIn Windows, the active primary partition on the primary master IDE disc is called C:. Other partitions (and CDROM drives) are called D:, E: etc. In Windows 98 and earlier, the allocation of drive letters to partitions is automatic and fixed. From Windows NT onwards it is possible to reassign some drive letters. In Linux, it is often said that "everything is a file". In the case of discs, the whole primary IDE master disc is the device The first SCSI hard disc is PATA drives (connected with flat cables) are treated as IDE ATA drives ( It is possible to have up to 4 primary partitions on a hard disc. One of them can be an extended partition containing up to 63 other logical partitions. The logical partitions must be contiguous. Windows uses only one primary partition and one extended partition containing logical partitions. Linux can use all the partitions, but manual configuration is needed to use more than 20 partitions per disc in Debian. If CD or DVD drives cannot be partitioned. A typical CD drive would be In Windows, there may be two floppy drives, A: and B:. In Linux, the floppy drives are Mounting and unmounting devicesEverything in Linux is a file - including devices such as disc drives. In order to use a drive, you must mount the device to a mountpoint in the filesystem. You can then access the drive from the mountpoint. For example, you may wish to use another hard drive to store backups of your system. To add manually an EXT3 formatted partition $ mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /mnt/backup and unmount it with the $ umount /mnt/backup or $ umount /dev/hdb1 The configuration file Removable media can be automatically mounted if you install an automounter. The X-window desktop Gnome includes automounting as standard. The media will not unmount or eject until all processes involving it are finished. In Gnome, right-click on the CD icon and choose eject. Filesystem formatsThe most common Linux format is EXT2 (the Second Extended file system format). Recent distributions use EXT3 which is EXT2 with a journaling system. The journal protects against corruption of filesystem data which might cause lost files etc. As well as being robust, EXT2/3 partitions are efficient and do not need to be defragmented. They can be checked and repaired with the filesystem checker Windows cannot access native Linux formatted drives, but Linux can read from and write to other formats such as FAT, FAT32, etc. However, writing to NTFS is not recommended (see http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/info/ntfs.html#3.2). More Information : |